AGIPD: Adaptive Gain Integrating Pixel Detector
AGIPD is a charge integrating, hybrid pixel readout ASIC (application specific integrated circuit) with an automatic adaption of the gain to the incoming number of photons.
AGIPD is developed for the European XFEL in a consortium consisting of the University of Bonn, the University of Hamburg, DESY and the PSI [1][2]. Features like single photon resolution, a dynamic range of more than 1x104 x 12.4 keV photons and frame rates of 4.5 Mhz (during bunch trains) make AGIPD an unique detector for the application at the EU-XFEL [3][4][5]. The AGIPD project is still in the development phase, the submission of the first full scale chip AGIPD1.0 is planned for the end of 2012.
Project status
There are four different prototype chips (AGIPD0.1 to AGIPD0.4), which have been developed so far (November 2012) (Fig.1). AGIPD0.2 to AGIPD0.4 feature a pixel matrix of 16 x 16 pixels with a pixel size of 200 x 200 µm2 each. These chips were bump bonded to 320 µm thick silicon sensors, which were biased at +120 V. An extensive characterization of the prototype chips has been performed to understand and improve the chips performance. The first full scale chip, AGIPD1.0, will be submitted at the end of 2012.
![Specifications of AGIPD [6]](/sites/default/files/styles/primer_full_xl/public/import/detectors/AgipdEN/Tab1_AGIPD_table.png?itok=CanjUkKG)
Specifications of AGIPD [6]
The AGIPD prototype chips (November 2012). (From left to right) AGIPD0.1 to AGIPD0.4
First imaging tests with the AGIPD prototype chips in an X-Ray box. The 'A' was made from copper. (From left to right) AGIPD0.2, AGIPD0.3, AGIPD0.4
(left) Dynamic gain switching measured with a constant current source and variable integration time. As constant current source a light bulb connected to a big battery was used. (right) Noise performance of AGIPD0.4 (Cf,high=60 fF, CDS gain 2) measured with an integration time of 200 ns using fluorescence radiation from Mo (17.5 keV).
[1] M. Altarelli et al., European X-ray Free Electron Laser. Technical Design Report, ISBN 978-3-935702-17-1 (2006)
[2] Th. Tschentscher et al., Layout of the X-Ray Systems at the European XFEL, TECHNICAL NOTE XFEL.EU TN-2011-001 (2011)
[3] B. Henrich et al., The adaptive gain integrating pixel detector AGIPD a detector for the European XFEL, Nucl. Instr. And Meth. A, DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2010.06.107
[4] X. Shi et al., Challenges in chip design for the AGIPD detector, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 624(2) 2010 387-391, DOI:10.1016/j.nima.2010.05.038.
[5] J. Becker et al., The single photon sensitivity of the Adaptive Gain Integrating Pixel Detector, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 694, pp. 82-90, DOI:10.1016/j.nima.2012.08.008 (2012)
[6] D. Greiffenberg, The AGIPD detector for the European XFEL, JINST 7 C01103, DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/7/01/C01103 (2012)
-- Main.DominicGreiffenberg - 19 Dec 2012
Publications
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Mezza D, Becker J, Carraresi L, Castoldi A, Dinapoli R, Goettlicher P, et al.
Calibration methods for charge integrating detectors
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2022; 1024: 166078 (20 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2021.166078
DORA PSI -
Allahgholi A, Becker J, Delfs A, Dinapoli R, Göttlicher P, Graafsma H, et al.
Megapixels @ megahertz - the AGIPD high-speed cameras for the European XFEL
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2019; 942: 162324 (9 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2019.06.065
DORA PSI -
Allahgholi A, Becker J, Delfs A, Dinapoli R, Goettlicher P, Greiffenberg D, et al.
The adaptive gain integrating pixel detector at the European XFEL
Journal of Synchrotron Radiation. 2019; 26(1): 74-82. https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600577518016077
DORA PSI -
Mezza D, Allahgholi A, Becker J, Delfs A, Dinapoli R, Goettlicher P, et al.
Characterization of the AGIPD1.1 readout chip and improvements with respect to AGIPD1.0
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2019; 945: 162606 (11 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2019.162606
DORA PSI -
Allahgholi A, Becker J, Bianco L, Delfs A, Dinapoli R, Ariño-Estrada G, et al.
Front end ASIC for AGIPD, a high dynamic range fast detector for the European XFEL
Journal of Instrumentation. 2016; 11(1): C01057 (11 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/11/01/C01057
DORA PSI -
Allahgholi A, Becker J, Bianco L, Bradford R, Delfs A, Dinapoli R, et al.
The adaptive gain integrating pixel detector
Journal of Instrumentation. 2016; 11(2): C02066 (9 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/11/02/C02066
DORA PSI -
Mezza D, Allahgholi A, Arino-Estrada G, Bianco L, Delfs A, Dinapoli R, et al.
Characterization of AGIPD1.0: the full scale chip
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2016; 838: 39-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2016.09.007
DORA PSI -
Mezza D, Allahgholi A, Delfs A, Dinapoli R, Goettlicher P, Graafsma H, et al.
New calibration circuitry and concept for AGIPD
Journal of Instrumentation. 2016; 11(11): C11019 (8 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/11/11/C11019
DORA PSI -
Allahgholi A, Becker J, Bianco L, Delfs A, Dinapoli R, Goettlicher P, et al.
AGIPD, a high dynamic range fast detector for the European XFEL
Journal of Instrumentation. 2015; 10(1): C01023 (9 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/10/01/C01023
DORA PSI -
Allahgholi A, Becker J, Bianco L, Delfs A, Ariño-Estrada G, Göttlicher P, et al.
The AGIPD 1.0 ASIC: random access high frame rate, high dynamic range X-ray camera readout for the European XFEL
In: 2015 IEEE nuclear science symposium and medical imaging conference (NSS/MIC). IEEE symposium on nuclear science (NSS/MIC). Danvers: IEEE; 2015:6 pp. https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2015.7581819
DORA PSI -
Marras A, Allahgholi A, Becker J, Bianco L, Delfs A, Goettlicher P, et al.
Vertically integrated circuits: example of an application to an x-ray detector
In: 2014 21st IEEE international conference on electronics, circuits and systems, ICECS 2014. IEEE international conference on electronics, circuits and systems (ICECS). Danvers: IEEE; 2015:243-246. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICECS.2014.7049967
DORA PSI -
Wunderer CB, Allahgholi A, Bayer M, Bianco L, Correa J, Delfs A, et al.
Detector developments at DESY
Journal of Synchrotron Radiation. 2015; 23: 117. https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600577515022237
DORA PSI -
Greiffenberg D, Becker J, Bianco L, Dinapoli R, Goettlicher P, Graafsma H, et al.
Towards AGIPD1.0: optimization of the dynamic range and investigation of a pixel input protection
Journal of Instrumentation. 2014; 9(6): P06001 (11 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/9/06/P06001
DORA PSI -
Mozzanica A, Bergamaschi A, Cartier S, Dinapoli R, Greiffenberg D, Johnson I, et al.
Prototype characterization of the JUNGFRAU pixel detector for SwissFEL
Journal of Instrumentation. 2014; 9(5): C05010 (9 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/9/05/C05010
DORA PSI -
Pennicard D, Becker J, Allahgholi A, Bianco L, Dinapoli R, Goettlicher P, et al.
Detector developments for hard X-rays at DESY: cutting-edge systems for cutting-edge light sources
Synchrotron Radiation News. 2014; 27(4): 9-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/08940886.2014.930801
DORA PSI -
Becker J, Bianco L, Dinapoli R, Göttlicher P, Graafsma H, Greiffenberg D, et al.
High speed cameras for X-rays: AGIPD and others
Journal of Instrumentation. 2013; 8(01): C01042 (10 pp.)-C01042. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/8/01/C01042
DORA PSI -
Greiffenberg D, Becker J, Bianco L, Dinapoli R, Goettlicher P, Graafsma H, et al.
Optimization of the noise performance of the AGIPD prototype chips
Journal of Instrumentation. 2013; 8(10): P10022 (10 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/8/10/P10022
DORA PSI -
Marras A, Trunk U, Klyuev A, Becker J, Graafsma H, Shi X, et al.
Front end electronics for European XFEL sensor: the AGIPD project
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2013; 731: 79-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2013.03.053
DORA PSI -
Becker J, Bianco L, Gottlicher P, Graafsma H, Hirsemann H, Jack S, et al.
Architecture and design of the AGIPD detector for the European XFEL
In: Bo Y, ed. 2012 IEEE nuclear science symposium and medical imaging conference record (NSS/MIC). IEEE symposium on nuclear science (NSS/MIC). Danvers: IEEE; 2012:585-590. https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2012.6551175
DORA PSI -
Greiffenberg D
The AGIPD detector for the European XFEL
Journal of Instrumentation. 2012; 7(1): C01103 (8 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/7/01/C01103
DORA PSI -
Greiffenberg D, Becker J, Trunk U, Shi X, Dinapoli R, Mozzanica A, et al.
The single photon sensitivity of the Adaptive Gain Integrating Pixel Detector
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2012; 694: 82-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2012.08.008
DORA PSI -
Shi X, Dinapoli R, Greiffenberg D, Henrich B, Mozzanica A, Schmitt B, et al.
A low noise high dynamic range analog front-end ASIC for the AGIPD XFEL detector
In: 2012 19th IEEE international conference on electronics, circuits, and systems (ICECS 2012). IEEE international conference on electronics, circuits and systems (ICECS). Danvers: IEEE; 2012:933-936. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICECS.2012.6463508
DORA PSI -
Becker J, Göttlicher P, Graafsma H, Hirsemann H, Jack S, Klyuev A, et al.
AGIPD - the adaptive gain integrating pixel detector for the European XFEL development and status
In: 2011 IEEE nuclear science symposium conference record. Vol. 11. IEEE Nuclear science symposium conference record. Danvers: IEEE; 2011:1950-1954. https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2011.6154392
DORA PSI -
Henrich B, Becker J, Dinapoli R, Goettlicher P, Graafsma H, Hirsemann H, et al.
The adaptive gain integrating pixel detector AGIPD a detector for the European XFEL
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2011; 633(SUPPL. 1): S11 (4 pp.)-S14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2010.06.107
DORA PSI -
Göttlicher P, Graafsma H, Hirsemann H, Jack S, Nilsson B, Potdevin G, et al.
The adaptive gain integrating pixel detector (AGIPD): a detector for the European XFEL. Development and status
In: 2009 IEEE nuclear science symposium. Conference record. IEEE Symposium on nuclear science (NSS/MIC). ; 2010:1817-1820. https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2009.5402196
DORA PSI -
Shi X, Dinapoli R, Henrich B, Mozzanica A, Schmitt B, Mazzocco R, et al.
Challenges in chip design for the AGIPD detector
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2010; 624(2): 387-391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2010.05.038
DORA PSI