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Laboratory for X-ray Nanoscience and Technologies (LXN)

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banner detectors.jpg

GOTTHARD: a Gain Optimizing microsTrip sysTem witH Analog ReaDoutGotthard-I and Gotthard-II

Gotthard-I

Gotthard-I is a 1D detector system based on the principle of charge integration with automatic gain switching capability. The goal of the project is to provide a 1D detector that can sustain the instantaneous many-photon deposition typical of the forthcoming XFEL machines retaining at the same time the same data quality of a single photon counting detector. Due to some unique features like the high frame rate (40kHz continuous and up to 1MHz in bursts) the low noise and the spectral information availability the detector opens new possibilities in synchrotron source applications.

The module architecture

Picture of a GOTTHARD module.
Picture of a GOTTHARD module.

The detector module is composed from 10 readout ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) wire bonded to a single silicon sensor with a 4mm x 8mm sensitive area for a total of 1280 channels at 50 um pitch. A complete readout chain, from the high speed ADCs to the Gbit link for the data download, is also integrated on the board. The control of the detector is performed via an ethernet linkt to the onboard Blackfin-based Linux system. High voltage for the sensor and all powers are locally generated from a common 5V input supply.

Results and Specifications

Pulse Height distribution for a sample Gotthard channel under 17keV incident radiation. From the fit of the noise and signal peaks a noise of ~160 e.n.c. (~600eV r.m.s.) can be determined.
Pulse Height distribution for a sample Gotthard channel under 17keV incident radiation. From the fit of the noise and signal peaks a noise of ~160 e.n.c. (~600eV r.m.s.) can be determined.
Pulse Height distribution of a single channel with a high photon flux inpinging in the center of it (to avoid charge sharing effect), showing the photon counting capabilities of Gotthard.
Pulse Height distribution of a single channel with a high photon flux inpinging in the center of it (to avoid charge sharing effect), showing the photon counting capabilities of Gotthard.
Specification summary for a standard Gotthard module.
Specification summary for a standard Gotthard module.

Gotthard-II

Gotthard-II is a charge-integrating microstrip detector developed for hard X-ray experiments at Free-Electron Lasers (FELs), in particular for the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (EuXFEL) in Schenefeld. Gotthard-II is the most widely employed detector for energy dispersive experiments well suited to the 1-D geometry at the EuXFEL. It is capable of taking images at 4.5 MHz frame rate for all the 2700 pulses in the EuXFEL bunch train when operating in burst mode; in addition, Gotthard-II can be operated in continuous mode as well for experiments at synchrotron radiation sources, which enables continuous imaging at a maximal frame rate of ~ 410 kHz without a stop.

The architecture of the Gotthard-II detector

The Gotthard-II detector uses a silicon microstrip sensor with a pitch of 50 um or 25 um and with 1280 or 2560 channels wire-bonded to 10 or 20 readout ASICs respectively. The thickness of the silicon sensor is either 320 um or 450 um. The readout ASIC is designed using charge-sensitive, dymamic gain switching pre-amplifier similar to Gotthard-I and JUNGFRAU. In the ASIC, on-chip analogue-to-digital converters (ADCs) and SRAMs have been implemented for the fast analogue signal conversion and on-chip temporal storage. The readout ASIC is fabricated using UMC-110 nm technology.

Gotthard2
The Gotthard-II detector. Left: 50 um pitch detector. Right: 25 um pitch detector.

Results and specifications

Gotthard-II test results
Test results from the Gotthard-II

Applications

A Gotthard module undet test in the Mythen detector array at the SLS Material Science beamline.
A Gotthard module undet test in the Mythen detector array at the SLS Material Science beamline.

XFELS

  • X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) using bending crystals
  • X-ray powder diffraction
  • X-ray beam diagnostic (XPD): shot to shot spectral information with energy dispersive optics, beam position and intensity monitor
  • X-ray pulse arrival monitors (PAMs)

Synchrotron sources

  • pump-probe experiments
  • X-ray emission and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (XES and EDXAS)
  • diffraction experiments at very high photon rates
  • high resolution applications (a smaller pitch sensor is used)

Documentation

GOTTHARD 1.0, 50 um  
GOTTHARD 1.0, 25 um  

*Please refer the latest installation section for instructions on the latest software package.


Publications

  • Zhang J, Andrä M, Barten R, Bergamaschi A, Brückner M, Chiriotti-Alvarez S, et al.
    Design and first tests of the Gotthard-II readout ASIC for the European X-ray free-electron laser
    Journal of Instrumentation. 2021; 16(4): P04015 (25 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/16/04/P04015
    DORA PSI
  • Koybasi O, Zhang J, Kok A, Summanwar A, Povoli M, Breivik L, et al.
    Edgeless silicon sensors fabricated without support wafer
    Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2020; 953: 163176 (11 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2019.163176
    DORA PSI
  • Zhang J, Andrä M, Barten R, Bergamaschi A, Brückner M, Dinapoli R, et al.
    Performance evaluation of the analogue front-end and ADC prototypes for the Gotthard-II development
    Journal of Instrumentation. 2017; 12(12): C12052 (11 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/12/12/C12052
    DORA PSI
  • Kagias M, Cartier S, Wang Z, Bergamaschi A, Dinapoli R, Mozzanica A, et al.
    Single shot x-ray phase contrast imaging using a direct conversion microstrip detector with single photon sensitivity
    Applied Physics Letters. 2016; 108(23): 234102 (4 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4948584
    DORA PSI
  • Palutke S, Gerken NC, Mertens K, Klumpp S, Mozzanica A, Schmitt B, et al.
    Spectrometer for shot-to-shot photon energy characterization in the multi-bunch mode of the free electron laser at Hamburg
    Review of Scientific Instruments. 2015; 86(11): 113107 (9 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4936293
    DORA PSI
  • Cartier S, Bergamaschi A, Dinapoli R, Greiffenberg D, Johnson I, Jungmann JH, et al.
    Micron resolution of MÖNCH and GOTTHARD, small pitch charge integrating detectors with single photon sensitivity
    Journal of Instrumentation. 2014; 9(5): C05027. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/9/05/C05027
    DORA PSI
  • Karvinen P, Rutishauser S, Mozzanica A, Greiffenberg D, Juranić PN, Menzel A, et al.
    Single-shot analysis of hard x-ray laser radiation using a noninvasive grating spectrometer
    Optics Letters. 2012; 37(24): 5073-5075. https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.37.005073
    DORA PSI
  • Mozzanica A, Bergamaschi A, Dinapoli R, Graafsma H, Greiffenberg D, Henrich B, et al.
    The GOTTHARD charge integrating readout detector: design and characterization
    Journal of Instrumentation. 2012; 7(1): C01019 (9 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/7/01/C01019
    DORA PSI
  • Pradervand C, Bednarzik M, Schmitt B, Mozzanica A, Schulze-Briese C
    A CVD diamond based X-ray beam profile sensor combined with the Gotthard charge integrating readout
    Presented at: 11th International conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (SRI2012); July 9-13, 2012; Lyon, France.
    DORA PSI
  • Schubert A, Bergamaschi A, David C, Dinapoli R, Elbracht-Leong S, Gorelick S, et al.
    Micrometre resolution of a charge integrating microstrip detector with single photon sensitivity
    Journal of Synchrotron Radiation. 2012; 19(3): 359-365. https://doi.org/10.1107/S090904951200235X
    DORA PSI
  • Bergamaschi A, Dinapoli R, Henrich B, Johnson I, Mozzanica A, Shi X, et al.
    Beyond single photon counting X-ray detectors
    Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2011; 628(1): 238-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2010.06.326
    DORA PSI
  • Mozzanica A, Bergamaschi A, Dinapoli R, Graafsma H, Henrich B, Kraft P, et al.
    A single photon resolution integrating chip for microstrip detectors
    Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2011; 633(Suppl. 1): S29-S32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2010.06.112
    DORA PSI

Team

Person Position Phone Nr. Email
Dr. Aldo Mozzanica
Detector Scientist
+41 56 310 40 09
aldo.mozzanica@psi.ch
Dr. Jiaguo Zhang
Scientist
+41 56 310 39 36
jiaguo.zhang@psi.ch

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Contact

Dr. Bernd Schmitt
Group Leader Detector Engineering
Paul Scherrer Institut
5232 Villigen-PSI
Switzerland

Telephone: +41 56 310 2314
E-mail: bernd.schmitt@psi.ch


Dr. Anna Bergamaschi
Group Leader Detector Science and Characterization
Paul Scherrer Institute
Forschungsstrasse 111
5232 Villigen PSI
Switzerland

Telephone: +41 56 310 32 27
E-mail: anna.bergamaschi@psi.ch

Photon Science Division

Homepage of PSI Division Photon Science (PSD)


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