AGIPD: Adaptive Gain Integrating Pixel Detector

AGIPD is a charge integrating, hybrid pixel readout ASIC (application specific integrated circuit) with an automatic adaption of the gain to the incoming number of photons.

AGIPD is developed for the European XFEL in a consortium consisting of the University of Bonn, the University of Hamburg, DESY and the PSI [1][2]. Features like single photon resolution, a dynamic range of more than 1x104 x 12.4 keV photons and frame rates of 4.5 Mhz (during bunch trains) make AGIPD an unique detector for the application at the EU-XFEL [3][4][5]. The AGIPD project is still in the development phase, the submission of the first full scale chip AGIPD1.0 is planned for the end of 2012.

Project status

There are four different prototype chips (AGIPD0.1 to AGIPD0.4), which have been developed so far (November 2012) (Fig.1). AGIPD0.2 to AGIPD0.4 feature a pixel matrix of 16 x 16 pixels with a pixel size of 200 x 200 µm2 each. These chips were bump bonded to 320 µm thick silicon sensors, which were biased at +120 V. An extensive characterization of the prototype chips has been performed to understand and improve the chips performance. The first full scale chip, AGIPD1.0, will be submitted at the end of 2012.

[1] M. Altarelli et al., European X-ray Free Electron Laser. Technical Design Report, ISBN 978-3-935702-17-1 (2006)
[2] Th. Tschentscher et al., Layout of the X-Ray Systems at the European XFEL, TECHNICAL NOTE XFEL.EU TN-2011-001 (2011)
[3] B. Henrich et al., The adaptive gain integrating pixel detector AGIPD a detector for the European XFEL, Nucl. Instr. And Meth. A, DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2010.06.107
[4] X. Shi et al., Challenges in chip design for the AGIPD detector, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 624(2) 2010 387-391, DOI:10.1016/j.nima.2010.05.038.
[5] J. Becker et al., The single photon sensitivity of the Adaptive Gain Integrating Pixel Detector, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 694, pp. 82-90, DOI:10.1016/j.nima.2012.08.008 (2012)
[6] D. Greiffenberg, The AGIPD detector for the European XFEL, JINST 7 C01103, DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/7/01/C01103 (2012)
-- Main.DominicGreiffenberg - 19 Dec 2012

Publications

Ramilli M, Ahmed K, de Wijn R, Dietze T, Fernandes B, Hammer D, et al.
Integration and first operation of the Gotthard-II detector at European XFEL
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2024; 1058: 168796 (9 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2023.168796
DORA PSI
Mezza D, Becker J, Carraresi L, Castoldi A, Dinapoli R, Goettlicher P, et al.
Calibration methods for charge integrating detectors
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2022; 1024: 166078 (20 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2021.166078
DORA PSI
Allahgholi A, Becker J, Delfs A, Dinapoli R, Göttlicher P, Graafsma H, et al.
Megapixels @ megahertz - the AGIPD high-speed cameras for the European XFEL
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2019; 942: 162324 (9 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2019.06.065
DORA PSI
Allahgholi A, Becker J, Delfs A, Dinapoli R, Goettlicher P, Greiffenberg D, et al.
The adaptive gain integrating pixel detector at the European XFEL
Journal of Synchrotron Radiation. 2019; 26(1): 74-82. https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600577518016077
DORA PSI
Mezza D, Allahgholi A, Becker J, Delfs A, Dinapoli R, Goettlicher P, et al.
Characterization of the AGIPD1.1 readout chip and improvements with respect to AGIPD1.0
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2019; 945: 162606 (11 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2019.162606
DORA PSI
Trunk U, Allahgholi A, Becker J, Delfs A, Dinapoli R, Göttlicher P, et al.
AGIPD: a multi megapixel, multi megahertz X-ray camera for the European XFEL
In: Etoh TG, Shiraga H, Etoh TG, eds. Selected papers from the 31st international congress on high-speed imaging and photonics. Vol. 10328. Proceedings of SPIE. sine loco: SPIE; 2017:1032805 (6 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2269153
DORA PSI
Allahgholi A, Becker J, Bianco L, Delfs A, Dinapoli R, Ariño-Estrada G, et al.
Front end ASIC for AGIPD, a high dynamic range fast detector for the European XFEL
Journal of Instrumentation. 2016; 11(1): C01057 (11 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/11/01/C01057
DORA PSI
Allahgholi A, Becker J, Bianco L, Bradford R, Delfs A, Dinapoli R, et al.
The adaptive gain integrating pixel detector
Journal of Instrumentation. 2016; 11(2): C02066 (9 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/11/02/C02066
DORA PSI
Mezza D, Allahgholi A, Arino-Estrada G, Bianco L, Delfs A, Dinapoli R, et al.
Characterization of AGIPD1.0: the full scale chip
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2016; 838: 39-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2016.09.007
DORA PSI
Mezza D, Allahgholi A, Delfs A, Dinapoli R, Goettlicher P, Graafsma H, et al.
New calibration circuitry and concept for AGIPD
Journal of Instrumentation. 2016; 11(11): C11019 (8 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/11/11/C11019
DORA PSI
Wunderer CB, Allahgholi A, Bayer M, Bianco L, Correa J, Delfs A, et al.
Detector developments at DESY
Journal of Synchrotron Radiation. 2016; 23: 111-117. https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600577515022237
DORA PSI
Allahgholi A, Becker J, Bianco L, Delfs A, Dinapoli R, Goettlicher P, et al.
AGIPD, a high dynamic range fast detector for the European XFEL
Journal of Instrumentation. 2015; 10(1): C01023 (9 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/10/01/C01023
DORA PSI
Allahgholi A, Becker J, Bianco L, Delfs A, Ariño-Estrada G, Göttlicher P, et al.
The AGIPD 1.0 ASIC: random access high frame rate, high dynamic range X-ray camera readout for the European XFEL
In: 2015 IEEE nuclear science symposium and medical imaging conference (NSS/MIC). IEEE symposium on nuclear science (NSS/MIC). Danvers: IEEE; 2015:6 pp. https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2015.7581819
DORA PSI
Marras A, Allahgholi A, Becker J, Bianco L, Delfs A, Goettlicher P, et al.
Vertically integrated circuits: example of an application to an x-ray detector
In: 2014 21st IEEE international conference on electronics, circuits and systems, ICECS 2014. IEEE international conference on electronics, circuits and systems (ICECS). Danvers: IEEE; 2015:243-246. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICECS.2014.7049967
DORA PSI
Allahgholi A, Becker J, Bianco L, Delfs A, Gottlicher P, Graafsma H, et al.
AGIPD 1.0: The high-speed high dynamic range readout ASIC for the adaptive gain integrating pixel detector at the European XFEL
In: Proceedings of 2014 IEEE nuclear science symposium and medical imaging conference (NSS/MIC). IEEE Symposium on Nuclear Science (NSS/MIC). IEEE; 2014:7431038 (6 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2014.7431038
DORA PSI
Allahgholi A, Becker J, Bianco L, Delfs A, Dinapoli R, Fretwurst E, et al.
AGIPD, the electronics for a high speed X-ray imager at the Eu-XFEL
In: Technology and instrumentation in particle physics conference. Proceedings of science. Proceedings of Science (PoS); 2014:(8 pp.).
DORA PSI
Greiffenberg D, Becker J, Bianco L, Dinapoli R, Goettlicher P, Graafsma H, et al.
Towards AGIPD1.0: optimization of the dynamic range and investigation of a pixel input protection
Journal of Instrumentation. 2014; 9(6): P06001 (11 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/9/06/P06001
DORA PSI
Mozzanica A, Bergamaschi A, Cartier S, Dinapoli R, Greiffenberg D, Johnson I, et al.
Prototype characterization of the JUNGFRAU pixel detector for SwissFEL
Journal of Instrumentation. 2014; 9(5): C05010 (9 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/9/05/C05010
DORA PSI
Pennicard D, Becker J, Allahgholi A, Bianco L, Dinapoli R, Goettlicher P, et al.
Detector developments for hard X-rays at DESY: cutting-edge systems for cutting-edge light sources
Synchrotron Radiation News. 2014; 27(4): 9-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/08940886.2014.930801
DORA PSI
Becker J, Bianco L, Dinapoli R, Göttlicher P, Graafsma H, Greiffenberg D, et al.
High speed cameras for X-rays: AGIPD and others
Journal of Instrumentation. 2013; 8(01): C01042 (10 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/8/01/C01042
DORA PSI
Becker J, Bianco L, Göttlicher P, Graafsma H, Hirsemann H, Jack S, et al.
The high speed, high dynamic range camera AGIPD
In: IEEE nuclear science symposium conference record. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.; 2013:6829504 (5 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2013.6829504
DORA PSI
Bianco L, Becker J, Dinapoli RD, Fretwurst E, Goettlicher P, Graafsma H, et al.
The AGIPD system for the European XFEL
In: Vol. 8778. Proceedings of SPIE - the international society for optical engineering. ; 2013:87780V (7 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2017360
DORA PSI
Greiffenberg D, Becker J, Bianco L, Dinapoli R, Goettlicher P, Graafsma H, et al.
Optimization of the noise performance of the AGIPD prototype chips
Journal of Instrumentation. 2013; 8(10): P10022 (10 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/8/10/P10022
DORA PSI
Marras A, Trunk U, Klyuev A, Becker J, Graafsma H, Shi X, et al.
Front end electronics for European XFEL sensor: the AGIPD project
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2013; 731: 79-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2013.03.053
DORA PSI
Becker J, Bianco L, Gottlicher P, Graafsma H, Hirsemann H, Jack S, et al.
Architecture and design of the AGIPD detector for the European XFEL
In: Bo Y, ed. 2012 IEEE nuclear science symposium and medical imaging conference record (NSS/MIC). IEEE symposium on nuclear science (NSS/MIC). Danvers: IEEE; 2012:585-590. https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2012.6551175
DORA PSI
Becker J, Bianco L, Göttlicher P, Graafsma H, Hirsemann H, Jack S, et al.
Challenges for the Adaptive Gain Integrating Pixel Detector (AGIPD) design due to the high intensity photon radiation environment at the European XFEL
In: Proceedings of Science. Sissa Medialab Srl; 2012:(10 pp.). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1303.2523
DORA PSI
Becker J, Greiffenberg D, Trunk U, Shi X, Dinapoli R, Mozzanica A, et al.
The single photon sensitivity of the Adaptive Gain Integrating Pixel Detector
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2012; 694: 82-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2012.08.008
DORA PSI
Greiffenberg D
The AGIPD detector for the European XFEL
Journal of Instrumentation. 2012; 7(1): C01103 (8 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/7/01/C01103
DORA PSI
Shi X, Dinapoli R, Greiffenberg D, Henrich B, Mozzanica A, Schmitt B, et al.
A low noise high dynamic range analog front-end ASIC for the AGIPD XFEL detector
In: 2012 19th IEEE international conference on electronics, circuits, and systems (ICECS 2012). IEEE international conference on electronics, circuits and systems (ICECS). Danvers: IEEE; 2012:933-936. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICECS.2012.6463508
DORA PSI
Becker J, Göttlicher P, Graafsma H, Hirsemann H, Jack S, Klyuev A, et al.
AGIPD - the adaptive gain integrating pixel detector for the European XFEL development and status
In: 2011 IEEE nuclear science symposium conference record. Vol. 11. IEEE nuclear science symposium conference record. Danvers: IEEE; 2011:1950-1954. https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2011.6154392
DORA PSI
Henrich B, Becker J, Dinapoli R, Goettlicher P, Graafsma H, Hirsemann H, et al.
The adaptive gain integrating pixel detector AGIPD a detector for the European XFEL
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2011; 633(SUPPL. 1): S11 (4 pp.)-S14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2010.06.107
DORA PSI
Göttlicher P, Graafsma H, Hirsemann H, Jack S, Nilsson B, Potdevin G, et al.
The adaptive gain integrating pixel detector (AGIPD): a detector for the European XFEL. Development and status
In: 2009 IEEE nuclear science symposium. Conference record. IEEE Symposium on nuclear science (NSS/MIC). ; 2010:1817-1820. https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2009.5402196
DORA PSI
Shi X, Dinapoli R, Henrich B, Mozzanica A, Schmitt B, Mazzocco R, et al.
Challenges in chip design for the AGIPD detector
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2010; 624(2): 387-391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2010.05.038
DORA PSI