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JUNGFRAU: adJUstiNg Gain detector FoR the Aramis User station

JUNGFRAU is a novel, two-dimensional pixel detector for high performance photon science applications at free electron lasers (FEL) and synchrotron light sources. It has been developed primarily for the SwissFEL machine, which is now under commissioning at the Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland.

JUNGFRAU 1.0 readout ASIC corner, without sensor.
JUNGFRAU 1.0 readout ASIC corner, without sensor.

Detector Description

Design and Performance Characteristics

  • Two-dimensional, modular/tilable, vacuum-compatible imaging detector
  • 75 µm pixel size, comparable to photon counting detectors
  • Single photon sensitivity
  • High dynamic range with up to 10,000 12 keV photons/pulse/pixel
  • Low noise over entire dynamic range
  • Good linearity of detection over the full dynamic (non-linearity < 1%)
  • Frame rates > 1.1kHz (>2 kHz with PCB revision)
  • Energy range > 2 keV @ single photon sensitivity


Implementation
JUNGFRAU is a charge integrating detector, which will enable applications at high photon rates. JUNFRAU also features a three-stage, gain-switching preamplifier in each pixel, which automatically adjusts its gain to the amount of charge deposited on the pixel (similar to X-ray Free Electron Laser detectors like AGIPD or GOTTHARD). The automatic gain switching capability on the pixel level is motivated by the necessity to guarantee single photon sensitivity while covering a dynamic range of four orders of magnitude of input signal. Single photon detection at energies as low as 1.5keV has been obtained with short, XFEL compatible, exposure times.

Geometry
The final JUNGFRAU chip comprises 256 × 256 pixels of 75 µm × 75 µm each. Arrays of 2 × 4 chips are tiled to form modules of 4 cm × 8 cm, i.e. about 500 kPixels. The chips are coupled to 320 µm (450 µm are available on request) silicon sensors, which are in large part constructed in analogy to EIGER. Multi-module systems up to 16 Mpixels, i.e. consisting of 32 modules, are planned for various experimental setups at the two end stations of SwissFEL and synchrotron light sources.

Readout
The readout of JUNGFRAU is designed in analogy to the GOTTHARD strip detection system for XFEL applications. The system is fully modular, and the individual boards only require the 12V power input, a copper Ethernet connection for controls and a 10Gbit fiber link for data download. The system is compatible with vacuum, with the vacuum interface consisting of a slotted aluminum flange glued on the flat part of the readout board.
JUNGFRAU can be operated with rates from a few Hz up to 1.14 kHz (2.4kHz are anticipated with a revised PCB) with dead time free operation, which easily serves the readout requirements of SwissFEL but also enables high count rate synchrotron experiments with an extremely high linear count rate capability of >25 MHz/pixel (at 12keV photon energy, with 2.4kHz readout).

Components of a JUNGFRAU module. From left to right, in the first row: Sensor, ASICs, High Density Interconnect, Aluminum Holder, Readout Board. In the Background you can see the sensor Wafer and the ASIC wafers.
Components of a JUNGFRAU module. From left to right, in the first row: Sensor, ASICs, High Density Interconnect, Aluminum Holder, Readout Board. In the Background you can see the sensor Wafer and the ASIC wafers.

Cameras
Using single modules as building blocks, several detector cameras have been assembled. Single module, 1M and 1.5M systems with vertically stacked modules have been produced and are commonly used. A 4Mpixel camera has been designed and has to be assembled. A 4.5M linear module array for X-ray emission spectroscopy at the ALVRA SwissFEL endstation has been commissioned and successfully operated during the SwissFEL pilot experiment phase in Dec. 2017 (link to ALVRA pilot, link to BERNINA pilot). The 2 16Mpix camera for the BERNINA and ALVRA endstations have been designed and will be installed and commissioned in the first half of 2018.

 

Single module JUNFRAU detectorm liquid cooled for in air operation.
Single module JUNFRAU detectorm liquid cooled for in air operation.
View of (part of) the 4.5M detector dedicated to X-ray emission spectroscopy installed in the ALVRA vacuum chamber.
View of (part of) the 4.5M detector dedicated to X-ray emission spectroscopy installed in the ALVRA vacuum chamber.

Areas of Application

  • X-ray spectroscopy: X-ray absorption (XAS), X-ray emission (XES), resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS), X-ray diffuse scattering
  • Nanocrystallography
  • X-ray diffraction
  • X-ray pump-probe <diffraction and scattering: time-resolved X-ray diffraction (trXRD), time-resolved resonant X-ray diffraction (trRXRD) and time-resolved resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (trRIXS)
  • Protein crystallography, specifically high-rate applications

Publications

  • Leonarski F, Brückner M, Lopez-Cuenca C, Mozzanica A, Stadler H-C, Matěj Z, et al.
    Jungfraujoch: hardware-accelerated data-acquisition system for kilohertz pixel-array X-ray detectors
    Journal of Synchrotron Radiation. 2023; 30: 227-234. https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600577522010268
    DORA PSI
  • Fröjdh E, Baruffaldi F, Bergamaschi A, Carulla M, Dinapoli R, Greiffenberg D, et al.
    Detection of MeV electrons using a charge integrating hybrid pixel detector
    Journal of Instrumentation. 2022; 17(12): C12004 (8 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/12/C12004
    DORA PSI
  • Fröjdh E, Abrahams JP, Andrä M, Barten R, Bergamaschi A, Brückner M, et al.
    Electron detection with CdTe and GaAs sensors using the charge integrating hybrid pixel detector JUNGFRAU
    Journal of Instrumentation. 2022; 17: C01020 (12 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/01/C01020
    DORA PSI
  • Hinger V, al Haddad A, Barten R, Bergamaschi A, Brückner M, Carulla M, et al.
    Advancing the JUNGFRAU detector toward low-energy X-ray applications
    Journal of Instrumentation. 2022; 17(9): C09027 (7 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/09/C09027
    DORA PSI
  • Meyer M, Andrä M, Barten R, Bergamaschi A, Brückner M, Busca P, et al.
    Observation of radiation damage in CdTe Schottky sensors created by 20 keV photons
    Journal of Instrumentation. 2022; 17(6): P06035 (22 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/06/P06035
    DORA PSI
  • Greiffenberg D, Andrä M, Barten R, Bergamaschi A, Brückner M, Busca P, et al.
    Characterization of chromium compensated GaAs sensors with the charge-integrating JUNGFRAU readout chip by means of a highly collimated pencil beam
    Sensors. 2021; 21(4): 1550 (22 pp.). https://doi.org/10.3390/s21041550
    DORA PSI
  • Mariette C, Lorenc M, Cailleau H, Collet E, Guérin L, Volte A, et al.
    Strain wave pathway to semiconductor-to-metal transition revealed by time-resolved X-ray powder diffraction
    Nature Communications. 2021; 12: 1239 (11 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21316-y
    DORA PSI
  • Fröjdh E, Wennmacher JTC, Rzepka P, Mozzanica A, Redford S, Schmitt B, et al.
    Discrimination of aluminum from silicon by electron crystallography with the Jungfrau detector
    Crystals. 2020; 10(12): 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10121148
    DORA PSI
  • Fröjdh E, George SP, Kodaira S, Lopez-Cuenca C, Mozzanica A, Pinsky LS, et al.
    Measurement of charge deposition from heavy ions with the charge integrating JUNGFRAU detector
    Journal of Instrumentation. 2020; 15(5): C05044 (6 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/15/05/C05044
    DORA PSI
  • Leonarski F, Mozzanica A, Brückner M, Lopez-Cuenca C, Redford S, Sala L, et al.
    JUNGFRAU detector for brighter x-ray sources: solutions for IT and data science challenges in macromolecular crystallography
    Structural Dynamics. 2020; 7(1): 014305 (13 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5143480
    DORA PSI
  • Martiel I, Mozzanica A, Opara NL, Panepucci E, Leonarski F, Redford S, et al.
    X-ray fluorescence detection for serial macromolecular crystallography using a JUNGFRAU pixel detector
    Journal of Synchrotron Radiation. 2020; 27: 329-339. https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600577519016758
    DORA PSI
  • Redford S, Andrä M, Barten R, Bergamaschi A, Brückner M, Chiriotti S, et al.
    First full dynamic range scan of the JUNGFRAU detector performed at an XFEL with an accurate intensity reference
    Journal of Instrumentation. 2020; 15(2): C02025 (8 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/15/02/C02025
    DORA PSI
  • Greiffenberg D, Andrä M, Barten R, Bergamaschi A, Busca P, Brückner M, et al.
    Characterization of GaAs:Cr sensors using the charge-integrating JUNGFRAU readout chip
    Journal of Instrumentation. 2019; 14(05): P05020 (17 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/14/05/P05020
    DORA PSI
  • Tolstikova A, Levantino M, Yefanov O, Hennicke V, Fischer P, Meyer J, et al.
    1 kHz fixed-target serial crystallography using a multilayer monochromator and an integrating pixel detector
    IUCrJ. 2019; 6(5): 927-937. https://doi.org/10.1107/S205225251900914X
    DORA PSI
  • Leonarski F, Redford S, Mozzanica A, Lopez-Cuenca C, Panepucci E, Nass K, et al.
    Fast and accurate data collection for macromolecular crystallography using the JUNGFRAU detector
    Nature Methods. 2018; 15(10): 799-804. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-018-0143-7
    DORA PSI
  • Mozzanica A, Andrä M, Barten R, Bergamaschi A, Chiriotti S, Brückner M, et al.
    The JUNGFRAU detector for applications at synchrotron light sources and XFELs
    Synchrotron Radiation News. 2018; 31(6): 16-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/08940886.2018.1528429
    DORA PSI
  • Redford S, Andrä M, Barten R, Bergamaschi A, Brückner M, Dinapoli R, et al.
    First full dynamic range calibration of the JUNGFRAU photon detector
    Journal of Instrumentation. 2018; 13(1): C01027 (8 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/13/01/C01027
    DORA PSI
  • Redford S, Andrä M, Barten R, Bergamaschi A, Brückner M, Chiriotti S, et al.
    Operation and performance of the JUNGFRAU photon detector during first FEL and synchrotron experiments
    Journal of Instrumentation. 2018; 13(11): C11006 (9 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/13/11/C11006
    DORA PSI
  • Milne CJ, Schietinger T, Aiba M, Alarcon A, Alex J, Anghel A, et al.
    SwissFEL: the Swiss X-ray free electron laser
    Applied Sciences. 2017; 7(7): 720 (57 pp.). https://doi.org/10.3390/app7070720
    DORA PSI
  • Rajendran R, Mochi I, Helfenstein P, Mohacsi I, Redford S, Mozzanica A, et al.
    Towards a stand-alone high-throughput EUV actinic photomask inspection tool: RESCAN
    In: Sanchez MI, Ukraintsev VA, eds. Metrology, inspection, and process control for microlithography XXXI. Vol. 10145. Proceedings of SPIE. Bellingham, Washington: SPIE; 2017:101450N. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2258379
    DORA PSI
  • Jungmann-Smith JH, Bergamaschi A, Brückner M, Cartier S, Dinapoli R, Greiffenberg D, et al.
    Towards hybrid pixel detectors for energy-dispersive or soft X-ray photon science
    Journal of Synchrotron Radiation. 2016; 23(2): 385-394. https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600577515023541
    DORA PSI
  • Mozzanica A, Bergamaschi A, Brueckner M, Cartier S, Dinapoli R, Greiffenberg D, et al.
    Characterization results of the JUNGFRAU full scale readout ASIC
    Journal of Instrumentation. 2016; 11(2): C02047 (8 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/11/02/C02047
    DORA PSI
  • Redford S, Bergamaschi A, Brückner M, Cartier S, Dinapoli R, Ekinci Y, et al.
    Calibration status and plans for the charge integrating JUNGFRAU pixel detector for SwissFEL
    Journal of Instrumentation. 2016; 11(11): C11013 (8 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/11/11/C11013
    DORA PSI
  • Bergamaschi A, Cartier S, Dinapoli R, Greiffenberg D, Jungmann-Smith JH, Mezza D, et al.
    Looking at single photons using hybrid detectors
    Journal of Instrumentation. 2015; 10(1): C01033 (13 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/10/01/C01033
    DORA PSI
  • Jungmann-Smith JH, Bergamaschi A, Brückner M, Cartier S, Dinapoli R, Greiffenberg D, et al.
    Radiation hardness assessment of the charge-integrating hybrid pixel detector JUNGFRAU 1.0 for photon science
    Review of Scientific Instruments. 2015; 86(12): 123110 (9 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4938166
    DORA PSI
  • Jungmann-Smith JH, Bergamaschi A, Cartier S, Dinapoli R, Greiffenberg D, Johnson I, et al.
    JUNGFRAU 0.2: prototype characterization of a gain-switching, high dynamic range imaging system for photon science at SwissFEL and synchrotrons
    Journal of Instrumentation. 2014; 9(12): P12013 (12 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/9/12/P12013
    DORA PSI
  • Mozzanica A, Bergamaschi A, Cartier S, Dinapoli R, Greiffenberg D, Johnson I, et al.
    Prototype characterization of the JUNGFRAU pixel detector for SwissFEL
    Journal of Instrumentation. 2014; 9(5): C05010 (9 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/9/05/C05010
    DORA PSI

Team

Personne Position Phone Nr. Courriel
Dr. Aldo Mozzanica
Detector Scientist
+41 56 310 40 09
aldo.mozzanica@psi.ch
Dr. Viktoria Hinger
Postdoc
+41 56 310 39 01
viktoria.hinger@psi.ch

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Contact

Dr. Bernd Schmitt
Group Leader Detector Engineering
Paul Scherrer Institut
5232 Villigen-PSI
Switzerland

Telephone: +41 56 310 2314
E-mail: bernd.schmitt@psi.ch


Dr. Anna Bergamaschi
Group Leader Detector Science and Characterization
Paul Scherrer Institute
Forschungsstrasse 111
5232 Villigen PSI
Switzerland

Telephone: +41 56 310 32 27
E-mail: anna.bergamaschi@psi.ch

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