Electrocatalysis and Interfaces

The Electrocatalysis and Interfaces Group was established in 2012 combining the electrocatalysis activites of the former Fuel Cell Group and the Interface analytical activities of the former Interface and Capacitor Group.
Electrocatalysis is the key topic for electrochemical energy conversion. In order to optimize rate, selectivity, energy and stability of a certain electrochemical reaction - such as oxygen reduction, oxygen evolution, hydrogen oxidation, and CO₂ reduction - proper catalysts have to be developed and optimized. The respective surface and interface analytical tools are essential for the understanding of the catalyst and are utilized in the group.

Therefore the activities of the group cover two focal points - Electrocatalysis and Interface analysis including Electrochemical capacitors.

Electrocatalysis - opens new routes towards more efficient fuel cells and other electrochemical processes e.g. CO₂ reduction. The group's main topics are investigations of the effect and utilization of oxides as support for O₂ reduction catalysts and the optimization of CO₂ reduction catalysts. Catalysts for electrolysis and reversible fuel cells are also studied in our group.

Interfaces - Surface analysis is essential for the understanding and optimization of catalytic and electrochemical interfaces and provides information about processes and electronic and molecular properties on a microscopic scale. The main topics at present are catalysis of nano particles and electrocatalysis. We also developed in situ UHV electrochemical cells for in situ studies of the electrolyte|electrode interface, in particular the ionic liquid | electrode interface.

Research on Capacitors, which continued to exist since 1995, concerned exclusively supercapacitors (electrochemical double layer capacitors utilizing very high surface area carbons) as high power electrochemical storage devices. This research activity has been abandoned 2014 in the favour of intensified catalysis research.

In addition we provide support for customers within and outside PSI.

• Thomas J. Schmidt, head
• Daniel Abbott
• Dino Aegerter
• Anthony Boucly (LEC+LUC)
• Piyush Chauhan
• Justus Diercks
• Nataša Diklić
• Kathrin Ebner
• Emiliana Fabbri
• Adrian Heinritz
• Juan Herranz
• Baejung (Joseph) Kim
• Elena Marelli (LEC+LMX)
• Alexandra Pătru
• Daniele Perego
• Mauro Povia
• Bernhard Pribyl
• Viktoriia Saveleva
• Secil Ünsal

For previous publications see Publications Annual

• Functional Role of Fe-Doping in Co-Based Perovskite Oxide Catalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction B.-J. Kim, E. Fabbri, D.F. Abbott, X. Cheng, A.H. Clark, M. Nachtegaal, M. Borlaf, I.E. Castelli, T. Graule, T.J. Schmidt
  J. Am. Chem. Soc., (2019)
  DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12101OG-5423
• Fe-​Based O2-​Reduction Catalysts Synthesized Using Na2CO3 as a Pore-​Inducing Agent K. Ebner, J. Herranz, V.A. Saveleva, B.-J. Kim, S. Henning, M. Demicheli, F. Krumeich, M. Nachtegaal, T.J. Schmidt
  ACS Appl. Energy Mater. (2019)
  DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.8b02036OG-5423
• Multivariate calibration method for mass spectrometry of interfering gases such as mixtures of CO, N2, and CO2 T. Binninger, B. Pribyl, A. Pătru, P. Ruettimann, S. Bjelić, T.J. Schmidt
  J. Mass Spectrom. 53, 1214-1221 (2018)
  DOI: 10.1002/jms.4299OG-5423
• Operando X-ray absorption investigations into the role of Fe in the electrochemical stability and oxygen evolution activity of Ni1−xFexOy nanoparticles D.F. Abbott, E. Fabbri, M. Borlaf, F. Bozza, R. Schaublin, M. Nachtegaal, T. Graule, T.J. Schmidt
  J. Mater. Chem. A 6, 24534-24549 (2018)
  DOI: 10.1039/C8TA09336AOG-5423
• Oxygen evolution reaction - The enigma in water electrolysis E. Fabbri, T.J. Schmidt
  ACS Catal. 8, 9765-9774 (2018)
  DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b02712OG-5423
• Highly active nanoperovskite catalysts for oxygen evolution reaction: Insights into activity and stability of Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O2+δ and PrBaCo2O5+δ B-J. Kim, X. Cheng, D.F. Abbott, E. Fabbri, F. Bozza, T. Graule, I.E. Castelli, L. Wiles, N. Danilovic, K.E. Ayers, N. Marzari, T.J. Schmidt
  Adv. Funct. Mater. 1804355 (2018)
  DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201804355OG-5423
• Polybenzimidazole fuel cell technology: Theory, performance, and applications A.T. Pingitore, M. Molleo, T.J. Schmidt, B.C. Benicewicz
  Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, Springer New York, 1-38 (2018)
  DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2493-6_143-3OG-5423
• Tomographic analysis and modeling of polymer electrolyte fuel cell unsupported catalyst layers H. Ishikawa, S. Henning, J. Herranz, A. Eychmüller, M. Uchida, T.J. Schmidt
  J. Eletrochem. Soc. 165 (2), F7-F16 (2018)
  DOI: 10.1149/2.0371802jesOG-5423
• Influence of Carbon Material Properties on Activity and Stability of the Negative Electrode in Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries: A Model Electrode Study S.M. Taylor, A. Patru, D. Perego, E. Fabbri, T.J. Schmidt
  ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 1, 1166-1174 (2018)
  DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.7b00273OG-5423
• Impact of Support Physicochemical Properties on the CO Oxidation and the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity of Pt​/SnO2 Electrocatalysts A. Rabis, T. Binninger, E. Fabbri, T.J. Schmidt
  J. Phys. Chem. C 122, 4739-4746 (2018)
  DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b09976OG-5423
• Unsupported Pt3Ni Aerogels as Corrosion Resistant PEFC Anode Catalysts under Gross Fuel Starvation Conditions S. Henning, R. Shimizu, J. Herranz, L. Kuhn, A. Eychmuller, M. Uchida, K. Kakinuma, T.J. Schmidt
  J. Electrochem. Soc. 165, F3001-F3006 (2018)
  DOI: 10.1149/2.0531802jesOG-5423
• Combining SAXS and XAS to study the operando degradation of carbon-​supported Pt-​nanoparticle fuel cell catalysts M. Povia, J. Herranz, T. Binninger, M. Nachtegaal, A. Diaz, J. Kohlbrecher, D.F. Abbott, B-J. Kim, T.J. Schmidt
  ACS Catal. 8, 7000-7015 (2018)
  DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b01321OG-5423
• Operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy: A powerful tool toward water splitting catalyst development E. Fabbri, D.F. Abbott, M. Nachtegaal, T.J. Schmidt
  Current Opinion in Electrochemistry 5, 20-26 (2017)
  DOI: 10.1016/j.coelec.2017.08.009OG-5423
• Nanostructuring noble metals as unsupported electrocatalysts for polymer electrolyte fuel cells B. Cai, S. Henning, J. Herranz, T.J. Schmidt, A. Eychmüller
  Adv. Energy Mater. 7, 1700548 (2017)
  DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201700548OG-5423
• Capacitive electronic metal-support interactions: Outer surface charging of supported catalyst particles T. Binninger, T.J. Schmidt, D. Kramer
  Phys. Rev. B 96 (16), 165405 (2017)
  DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.96.165405OG-5423
• Boosting Pt oxygen reduction reaction activity by tuning the tin oxide support E. Fabbri, A. Rabis, Y. Chino, M. Uchida, T.J. Schmidt
  Electrochem. Commun. 83, 90-95 (2017)
  DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2017.09.006OG-5423
• Dynamic surface self-reconstruction is the key of highly active perovskite nano-electrocatalysts for water splitting E. Fabbri, M. Nachtegaal, T. Binninger, X. Cheng, B.-J. Kim, J. Durst, F. Bozza, T. Graule, R. Schäublin, L. Wiles, M. Pertoso, N. Danilovic, K.E. Ayers, T.J. Schmidt
  Nat. Mater. 16 (9), 925-931 (2017)
  DOI: 10.1038/nmat4938OG-5423
• Unsupported Pt-Ni aerogels with enhanced high current performance and durability in fuel cell cathodes S. Henning, H. Ishikawa, L. Kühn, J. Herranz, E. Müller, A. Eychmüller, T.J. Schmidt
  Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 56, 10707-10710 (2017)
  DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704253OG-5423
• Durability of unsupported Pt-Ni aerogels in PEFC cathodes S. Henning, J. Herranz, H. Ishikawa, B.J. Kim, D. Abbott, L. Kühn, A. Eychmüller, T.J. Schmidt
  J. Electrochem. Soc. 164 (12), F1136-F1141 (2017)
  DOI: 10.1149/2.0131712jesOG-5423
• Numerical partitioning model for the Koutecký-Levich analysis of electrochemical flow cells with a combined channel/wall-jet geometry S.A. Tschupp, S.E. Temmel, N. Poyatos Salguero, J. Herranz, T.J. Schmidt
  J. Electrochem. Soc. 164 (11), E3448-E3456 (2017)
  DOI: 10.1149/2.0441711jesOG-5423
• State-of-the-art nanofabrication in catalysis K. Waiz, S.A. Tschupp, J. Herranz, T.J. Schmidt, Y. Ekinci, J.A. van Bokhoven
  Chimia 71 (4), 160-169 (2017)
  DOI: 10.2533/chimia.2017.160OG-5423
• Highly active and stable iridium pyrochlores for oxygen evolution reaction D. Lebedev, M. Povia, K. Waltar, P.M. Abdala, I.E. Castelli, E. Fabbri, M.V. Blanco, A. Fedorov, C. Coperet, N. Marzari, T.J. Schmidt
  Chem. Mater. 29 (12), 5182-5191 (2017)
  DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b00766OG-5423
• Effect of ball milling on the electrocatalytic activity of Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3 towards the oxygen evolution reaction X. Cheng, E. Fabbri, B-J. Kim, M. Nachtegaal, T.J. Schmidt
  J. Mater. Chem. A 5, 13130-13137 (2017)
  DOI: 10.1039/c7ta00794aOG-5423
• Effect of acid washing on the oxygen reduction reaction activity of Pt-​Cu aerogel catalysts S. Henning, L. Kuhn, J. Herranz, M. Nachtegaal, R. Hubner, M. Werheid, A. Eychmuller, T.J. Schmidt
  Electrochim. Acta 233, 210-217 (2017)
  DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.03.019OG-5423
• Unraveling thermodynamics, stability, and oxygen evolution activity of strontium ruthenium perovskite oxide B.-J. Kim, D.F. Abbott, X. Cheng, E. Fabbri, M. Nachtegaal, F. Bozza, I.E. Castelli, D. Lebedev, R. Schäublin, C. Copéret, T. Graule, N. Marzari, T.J. Schmidt
  ACS Catal. 7 (5), 3245-3256 (2017)
  DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b03171OG-5423
• Stabilization of Pt nanoparticles due to electrochemical transistor switching of oxide support conductivity T. Binninger, R. Mohamed, A. Patru, K. Waltar, E. Gericke, X. Tuaev, E. Fabbri, P. Levecque, A. Hoell, T.J. Schmidt
  Chem. Mater. 29 (7), 2831-2843 (2017)
  DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b04851OG-5423
• Silicone Nanofilament-Supported Mixed Nickel-Metal Oxides for AlkalineWater Electrolysis D.F. Abbott, M. Meier, G.R. Meseck, E. Fabbri, S. Seeger, T.J. Schmidt
  J. Electrochem. Soc. 164, F203-F208 (2017)
  DOI: 10.1149/2.0201704jesOG-5423
• IrO2-​TiO2: a High-​Surface Area, Active and Stable Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Evolution Reaction E. Oakton, D. Lebedev, M. Povia, D.F. Abbott, E. Fabbri, A. Fedorov, M. Nachtegaal, C. Coperet, T.J. Schmidt
  ACS Catal. 7, 2346-2352 (2017)
  DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b03246OG-5423
• Structural analysis and electrochemical properties of bimetallic palladium–platinum aerogels prepared by a two-step gelation process M. Oezaslan , A.-K. Herrmann, M. Werheid, A.I. Frenkel, M. Nachtegaal, C. Dosche, C. Laugier Bonnaud, H.C. Yilmaz, L. Kühn, E. Rhiel, N. Gaponik, A. Eychmüller, T.J. Schmidt
  ChemCatChem 9, 798-808 (2017)
  DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201600667OG-5423
• Influence of surface oxygen groups on V(II) oxidation reaction kinetics S.M. Taylor, A. Patru, E. Fabbri, T.J. Schmidt
  Electrochem. Commun. 75, 13-16 (2017)
  DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2016.12.003OG-5423
• Interfacial effects on the catalysis of the hydrogen evolution, oxygen evolution and CO2-reduction reactions for (co-)electrolyzer development J. Herranz, J. Durst, E. Fabbri, A. Patru, X. Cheng, A.A. Permyakova, T.J. Schmidt
  Nano Energy 29, 4-28 (2016)
  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.01.027OG-5423
• Investigating the role of strain toward the oxygen reduction activity on model thin film Pt catalysts S.E. Temmel, E. Fabbri, D. Pergolesi, T. Lippert, T.J. Schmidt
  ACS Catalysis 6, 7566–7576 (2016)
  DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b01836OG-5423
• Alloying behaviour of self-assembled noble metal nanoparticles L. Kühn, A.-K. Herrmann, B. Rutkowski, M. Oezaslan, M. Nachtegaal, M. Klose, L. Giebeler, N. Gaponik, J. Eckert, T.J. Schmidt, A. Czyrska-Filemonowicz, A. Eychmüller
  Chem. Eur. J. 22 (38), 13446-13450 (2016)
  DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602487OG-5423
• Iridium Oxide for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction: Correlation between Particle Size, Morphology, and the Surface Hydroxo Layer from Operando XAS D.F. Abbott, D. Lebedev, K. Waltar, M. Povia, M. Nachtegaal, E. Fabbri, C. Copéret, T.J. Schmidt
  Chem. Mater. 28 (18), 6591-6604 (2016)
  DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b02625OG-5423
• Electrochemical flow-cell Setup for in situ X-ray investigations: : II. Cell for SAXS on a Multi-Purpose Laboratory Diffractometer J. Tillier, T. Binninger, M. Garganourakis, A. Patru, E. Fabbri, T.J. Schmidt, O. Sereda
  J. Electrochem. Soc. 163 (10), H913-H920 (2016)
  DOI: 10.1149/2.0211610jesOG-5423
• Electrochemical flow-cell Setup for in situ X-ray investigations: I. Cell for SAXS and XAS at Synchrotron Facilities T. Binninger, E. Fabbri, A. Patru, M. Garganourakis, J. Han, D.F. Abbott, O. Sereda, R. Kötz, A. Menzel, M. Nachtegaal, T.J. Schmidt
  J. Electrochem. Soc. 163 (10), H906-H912 (2016)
  DOI: 10.1149/2.0201610jesOG-5423
• Tuning the surface electrochemistry by strained epitaxial Pt thin film model electrodes prepared by pulsed laser deposition S.E. Temmel, E. Fabbri, D. Pergolesi, T. Lippert, T.J. Schmidt
  Adv. Mater. Interfaces 1600222 (2016)
  DOI: 10.1002/admi.201600222OG-5423
• Homogeneity and elemental distribution in self-assembled bimetallic Pd-Pt aerogels prepared by a spontaneous one-step gelation process M. Oezaslan, W. Liu, M. Nachtegaal, A.I. Frenkel, B. Rutkowski, M. Werheid, A.-K. Herrmann, C. Laugier-Bonnaud, H.-C. Yilmaz, N. Gaponik, A. Czyrska-Filemonowicz, A. Eychmüller, T.J. Schmidt
  Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 18, 20640-20650 (2016)
  DOI: 10.1039/C6CP03527BOG-5423
• Pt-Ni aerogels as unsupported electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction S. Henning, L. Kühn, J. Herranz, J. Durst, T. Binninger, M. Nachtegaal, M. Werheid, W. Liu, M. Adam, S. Kaskel, A. Eychmüller, T.J. Schmidt
  J. Electrochem. Soc. 163 (9), F998-F1003 (2016)
  DOI: 10.1149/2.0251609jesOG-5423
• The effect of platinum loading and surface morphology on oxygen reduction activity S. Taylor, E. Fabbri, P. Levecque, T.J. Schmidt, O. Conrad
  Electrocatalysis 7 (4), 287–296 (2016)
  DOI: 10.1007/s12678-016-0304-3OG-5423
• Interfacial effects on the catalysis of the hydrogen evolution, oxygen evolution and CO2-reduction reactions for (co-)electrolyzer development J. Herranz, J. Durst, E. Fabbri, A. Patru, X. Cheng, A.A. Permyakova, T.J. Schmidt
  Nano Energy (2016)
  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.01.027OG-5423
• A simple one-pot Adams method route to conductive high surface area IrO2–TiO2 E. Oakton, D. Lebedev, A. Fedorov, F. Krumeich, J. Tillier, O. Sereda, T.J. Schmidt, Ch. Copéret
  New J. Chem. 40, 1834-1838 (2016)
  DOI: 10.1039/C5NJ02400EOG-5423
• A highly flexible electrochemical flow cell designed for the use of model electrode materials on non-conventional substrates S.E. Temmel, S.A. Tschupp, T.J. Schmidt
  Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87, 045115 (2016)
  DOI: 10.1063/1.4947459OG-5423
• Pt/IrO2-TiO2 cathode catalyst for low temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cell - Application in MEAs, performance and stability issues A. Patru, A. Rabis, S.E. Temmel, R. Kötz, T.J. Schmidt
  Catal. Today 262, 161-169 (2016)
  DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2015.09.009OG-5423
• Thermodynamic explanation of the universal correlation between oxygen evolution activity and corrosion of oxide catalysts T. Binninger, R. Mohamed, K. Waltar, E. Fabbri, P. Levecque, R. Kötz, T.J. Schmidt
  Sci. Rep. 5, 12167 (2015)
  DOI: 10.1038/ srep12167OG-5423
• High-resolution and large-area nanoparticle arrays using EUV interference lithography K. Waiz, S.A. Tschupp, M. Oezaslan, T.J. Schmidt, J. Gobrecht, J.A. van Bokhoven, Y. Ekinci
  Nanoscale, 7, 7386-7393 (2015)
  DOI: 10.1039/c5nr00565eOG-5423
• Electrocatalysis of perovskites: The influence of carbon on the oxygen evolution activity R. Mohamed, X. Cheng, E. Fabbri, P. Levecque, R. Kötz, O. Conrad, T.J. Schmidt
  J. Electrochem. Soc. 162, 6, F579-F586 (2015)
  DOI: 10.1149/2.0861506jesOG-5423
• Particle-Support interferences in small-angle x-ray scattering from supported-catalyst materials T. Binninger, M. Garganourakis, J. Han, A. Patru, E. Fabbri, O. Sereda, R. Kötz, A. Menzel, T.J. Schmidt
  Phys. Rev. Applied 3, 024012 (2015)
  DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevApplied.3.024012OG-5423
• Noble metal aerogels-synthesis, characterization, and application as electrocatalysts W. Liu, A.K. Herrmann, N.C. Bigall, P. Rodriguez, D. Wen, M. Oezaslan, T.J. Schmidt, N. Gaponik, A. Eychmüller
  Acc. Chem. Res. 48, 154-162 (2015)
  DOI: 10.1021/ar500237cOG-5423
• Methyl phosphate formation as a major degradation mode of direct methanol fuel cells with phosphoric acid based electrolytes D. Aili, A. Vasiliev, J.O. Jensen, T.J. Schmidt, Q. Li
  J. Power Sources 279, 517-521 (2015)
  DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.01.010OG-5423
• Silicone Nanofilament Supported Nickel Oxide: A New Concept for Oxygen Evolution Catalysts in Water Electrolyzers G.R. Meseck, E. Fabbri, T.J. Schmidt, S. Seeger
  Adv. Mater. Interfaces 2, 1500216/1-1500216/5 (2015)
  DOI: 10.1002/admi.201500216OG-5423
• An electrochemical in situ study of freezing and thawing of ionic liquids in carbon nanopores D. Weingarth, R. Drumm, A. Foelske-Schmitz, R. Kötz, V. Presser
  Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16, 21219-21224 (2014)
  DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02727bOG-5423
• Developments and perspectives of oxide-based catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction E. Fabbri, A. Habereder, K. Waltar, R. Kötz, T.J. Schmidt
  Catal. Sci. Technol. 4, 3800-3821 (2014)
  DOI: 10.1039/c4cy00669kOG-5423
• Catalyzed SnO2 thin films: theoretical and experimental insights into fabrication and electrocatalytic properties A. Rabis, D. Kramer, E. Fabbri, M. Worsdale, R. Kötz, T.J. Schmidt
  J. Phys. Chem. C 118, 11292-11302 (2014)
  DOI: 10.1021/jp4120139OG-5423
• Carbon additives for electrical double layer capacitor electrodes D. Weingarth, D. Cericola, F.C.F. Mornaghini, T. Hucke, R. Kötz
  J. Power Sources 266, 475–480 (2014)
  DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.05.065OG-5423
• Advanced cathode materials for polymer electrolyte fuel cells based on Pt/metal oxides: From model electrodes to catalyst systems E. Fabbri, A. Patru, A. Rabis, R. Kötz, T.J. Schmidt
  Chimia 68, 217–220 (2014)
  DOI: 10.2533/chimia.2014.217OG-5423
• In-situ XRD and dilatometry investigation of the formation of pillared graphene via electrochemical activation of partially reduced graphite oxide M.M. Hantel, R. Nesper, A. Wokaun, R. Kötz
  Electrochim. Acta 134, 459-470 (2014)
  DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.04.063OG-5423
• Composite electrode boosts the activity of Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ perovskite and carbon toward oxygen reduction in alkaline media E. Fabbri, R. Mohamed, P. Levecque, O. Conrad, R. Kötz, T.J. Schmidt
  ACS Catal. 4 (4), 1061–1070 (2014)
  DOI: 10.1021/cs400903kOG-5423
• Pt nanoparticles supported on Sb-doped SnO₂ porous structures: developments and issues E. Fabbri, A. Rabis, R. Kötz, T.J. Schmidt
  Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16, 13672-13681 (2014)
  DOI: 10.1039/c4cp00238eOG-5423
• The effect of platinum nanoparticle distribution on oxygen electroreduction activity and selectivity E. Fabbri, S. Taylor, A. Rabis, P. Levecque, O. Conrad, R. Kötz, T.J. Schmidt
  ChemCatChem 6 (5), 1410–1418 (2014)
  DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201300987OG-5423
• Determination of the electrochemically active surface area of metal-oxide Supported Platinum Catalyst T. Binninger, E. Fabbri, R. Kötz, T. J. Schmidt
  J. Electrochem. Soc. 161 (3), H121-H128 (2014)
  DOI: 10.1149/2.055403jesOG-5423
• Ba_0.5Sr_0.5Co_0.8Fe_0.2O_3-d Perovskite Activity towards the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Alkaline Media E. Fabbri, R. Mohamed, P. Levecque, O. Conrad, R. Kötz, T.J. Schmidt
  ChemElectroChem 1 (2), 338-342 (2014)
  DOI: 10.1002/celc.201300157OG-5423
• Parameters determining dimensional changes of porous carbons during capacitive charging M.M. Hantel, D. Weingarth, R. Kötz
  Carbon 69, 275-286 (2014)
  DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2013.12.026OG-5423